CLINICAL FEATURES |
INVESTIGATIONS |
Leukaemia
- Anaemia
- Bone pains
- Haemorrhagic tendencies
(epistaxis, gum bleeding)
- Recurrent infections
|
- CBC, peripheral
blood film
- Uric acid, lactate
dehydrogenase
- Abdominal
ultrasound scan
|
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
- Rapidly growing tumour
- Usually a jaw or abdominal
mass or tumour
- May also present as a central
nervous system tumour
|
- CBC
- Peripheral blood
film
- Bone marrow, X−
Ray
- Lumbar puncture
- LDH
|
Hodgkin’s Disease
- Lymph node enlargement
- Splenomegaly, abdominal
masses
|
- CBC
- Chest X−ray
- Lymph node biopsy
|
Nephroblastoma
(Wilms’ tumour)
- Average age 2 years: Embryonal
tumour
- Early childhood
- Painless abdominal (loin) mass
- Fast growing
|
- CBC
- U/E in normal IV
urography shows
displaced calices
- FNAC
- CXR for metastasis
|
Neuroblastoma
- Embryonal tumour
- Abdominal mass in loin region
- Markedly elevated blood
pressure
- Fast-growing often crossing
midline
- Child is sick looking
|
- CBC
- IVU
- FNAC
- Ultra sound
- CXR for metastasis
|
Rhabdosarcoma,
rhabdomyosarcoma
- Tumour of muscle
- Can occur anywhere but more
commonly in pelvis, bladder,
vagina
- May present with a fungating
mass (sarcoma botryoid)
- May ulcerate and bleed
|
- Good physical
examination
- Full Blood Count
- U/S
- CXR
- CT scan when
available
- Biopsy FNAC
|
Retinoblastoma
- Age usually <3 years, inherited
through chromosome 13
- May be unilateral or bilateral
- Yellowish whitish reflex in eye
|
- Skull X−Ray
- Urine
catecholamines
- Fundoscopy
- CT scan head
|
CNS Tumours
- Headache, worse in the morning
and eases during the day
- Seizures or convulsions
- Nausea or vomiting
- Weakness or loss of feeling in
arms or legs
- Stumbling/lack of coordination
in walking
- Abnormal eye movements or
changes/loss in vision
- Drowsiness
- Changes in personality,
memory, speech
|
|