This clinical condition can be macroscopic or microscopic blood in the urine.
In children, possible causes include;
- Glomerulonephritis
- Anaphylactoid purpura Henoch-Schönlein purpura)
- Fever
- Strenuous exercise
- Mechanical trauma (masturbation)
- Foreign bodies
- Urinary tract infection (bacterial or parasitic)
- Hypercalciuria/urolithiasis
- Sickle cell disease/trait
- Coagulopathy, tumours, drugs
- Toxins (NSAIDs, anticoagulants, cyclophosphamide, ritonavir, indinavir)
- Anatomic abnormalities (hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease, vascular malformations, and hyperuricosuria.
Investigations
- Confirm the presence of and the extent of haematuria, as well as the primary cause.
- Determine secondary problems.
Management
- Treat the primary cause.
- Manage any complications.
- Refer those cases that need specialized investigations or management to a higher levels if they cannot be managed appropriately at present level.